nmol l tumor necrosis factor  (R&D Systems)

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Integrated apoptotic extracellular vesicle-recruitment peptide coating reprograms the diabetic bone microenvironment and orchestrates enhanced implant osseointegration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.05.059

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vivo immunomodulatory effects of different modified surfaces in a DM model. (A) Schematic representation of the animal modeling and experimental treatment workflow. (B, C) hematoxylin and eosin staining of the peri-implant tissues in the femurs of DM rats 1 week after implantation, accompanied by quantitative analysis of the fibrous capsule thickness (scale bar = 100 μm, n = 5). (D–G) Immunofluorescence staining evaluating the polarization state of macrophages surrounding the implants (green: macrophage marker cluster of differentiation (CD) 68; red: M1 marker CD86 and M2 marker CD206; blue: nuclei), along with corresponding quantitative analysis of the fluorescence signals (scale bar = 100 μm, n = 5). (H–K) Immunohistochemical staining assessing the expression of the pro-inflammatory marker tumor necrosis factor-α and the anti-inflammatory marker interleukin-10 in the peri-implant area, with quantitative results of the positive staining areas (scale bar = 100 μm, n = 5). Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation, with statistical analysis performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001 indicate statistical significance.

Article Snippet: For IHC analysis, sections underwent heat-induced antigen retrieval and blocking prior to incubation with antibodies against TNF-α (GB11188, Servicebio, China), IL-10 (GB11534, Servicebio, China), and VEGF (GB15165, Servicebio, China) to identify differences in local inflammatory and angiogenic profiles.

Techniques: In Vivo, Modification, Staining, Immunofluorescence, Marker, Fluorescence, Immunohistochemical staining, Expressing, Standard Deviation

Journal: Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Downregulating CHI3L2 via the STAT3 Pathway: The Mechanism of Calcitriol in Suppressing Psoriatic Inflammation and Keratinocyte Hyperproliferation

doi: 10.1111/jcmm.71367

Figure Lengend Snippet: Topical calcitriol application ameliorates IMQ‐induced psoriasis in mice. (A) Schematic illustration of the unilateral ear model experimental design. (B) Serum calcium levels. (C) Body weight changes. (D) Clinical severity scores (erythema, scaling and thickness) of the right ear, assessed on indicated days using a 0–4 scale. Cumulative scores are presented as mean ± SD. (E) Representative photographs of the right ear at endpoint. (F) Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of right ear sections. Scale bar = 100 μm. (G) Relative mRNA expression levels of IL‐1α, IL‐6, IL‐17A and IL‐23A . Data are presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: To mimic psoriatic keratinocyte dysfunction, HaCaT cells were incubated with 10 ng/mL M5 (IL‐17A, IL‐22, IL‐1α, oncostatin M and TNF‐α) (ABclonal Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, China) for 24 h as reported previously [ , , , ].

Techniques: Staining, Expressing

Journal: Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Downregulating CHI3L2 via the STAT3 Pathway: The Mechanism of Calcitriol in Suppressing Psoriatic Inflammation and Keratinocyte Hyperproliferation

doi: 10.1111/jcmm.71367

Figure Lengend Snippet: Topical calcitriol treatment ameliorates distant psoriatic skin lesions in the bilateral ear model. (A) Schematic illustration of the bilateral ear model experimental design. (B) Serum calcium levels. (C) Body weight changes. (D) Clinical severity scores (erythema, scaling and thickness) of the right ear, assessed on indicated days using a 0–4 scale. Cumulative scores are presented as mean ± SD. (E) Representative photographs of the left ear at endpoint. (F) Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of left ear sections. Scale bar = 100 μm. (G) Relative mRNA expression levels of IL‐1α, IL‐6, IL‐17A and IL‐23A . Data are presented as mean ± SD. ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: To mimic psoriatic keratinocyte dysfunction, HaCaT cells were incubated with 10 ng/mL M5 (IL‐17A, IL‐22, IL‐1α, oncostatin M and TNF‐α) (ABclonal Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, China) for 24 h as reported previously [ , , , ].

Techniques: Staining, Expressing

Journal: Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Downregulating CHI3L2 via the STAT3 Pathway: The Mechanism of Calcitriol in Suppressing Psoriatic Inflammation and Keratinocyte Hyperproliferation

doi: 10.1111/jcmm.71367

Figure Lengend Snippet: Calcitriol ameliorates M5‐induced abnormal proliferation, migration and inflammatory responses in HaCaT cells. (A) Protein expression levels of KRT1 and KRT6 were determined by Western blot analysis, with β‐Actin serving as the internal loading control. (B) Cell viability was assessed in different treatment groups. (C) Colony formation assay was performed to evaluate the proliferative capacity of cells in each group. (D) Representative images of wound healing assay at 0 and 24 h post‐treatment. Scale bar = 400 μm. (E) Relative mRNA expression levels of IL‐1α, IL‐6, IL‐17A and IL‐23A . Data are presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: To mimic psoriatic keratinocyte dysfunction, HaCaT cells were incubated with 10 ng/mL M5 (IL‐17A, IL‐22, IL‐1α, oncostatin M and TNF‐α) (ABclonal Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, China) for 24 h as reported previously [ , , , ].

Techniques: Migration, Expressing, Western Blot, Control, Colony Assay, Wound Healing Assay

Journal: Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Downregulating CHI3L2 via the STAT3 Pathway: The Mechanism of Calcitriol in Suppressing Psoriatic Inflammation and Keratinocyte Hyperproliferation

doi: 10.1111/jcmm.71367

Figure Lengend Snippet: Calcitriol ameliorates M5‐induced psoriasis‐like phenotypes through CHI3L2 downregulation. (A) The mRNA expression of RPL36A, PPBP, UBE2F, MGC32805, IL4I1, LINC00519, CHI3L2, ABHD14A and PCDHGB7 , validated by RT‐qPCR assay. (B) Efficacy of shRNA‐mediated CHI3L2 knockdown confirmed by RT‐qPCR. (C) Protein expression levels of KRT1 and KRT6 were determined by Western blot analysis, with β‐Actin serving as the internal loading control. (D) Cell viability was assessed in different treatment groups. (E) Representative images of wound healing assay at 0 and 24 h post‐treatment. Scale bar = 400 μm. (F) Relative mRNA expression levels of IL‐1α, IL‐6, IL‐17A and IL‐23A . Data are presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: To mimic psoriatic keratinocyte dysfunction, HaCaT cells were incubated with 10 ng/mL M5 (IL‐17A, IL‐22, IL‐1α, oncostatin M and TNF‐α) (ABclonal Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, China) for 24 h as reported previously [ , , , ].

Techniques: Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, shRNA, Knockdown, Western Blot, Control, Wound Healing Assay

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Carboxyl Amidation of Chlorogenic Acid Improves Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Biosafety via Potent AKR1B1 Inhibition in LPS-Induced Macrophages

doi: 10.3390/molecules31183247

Figure Lengend Snippet: Quantitative detection of LPS-induced inflammatory mediators after treatment with CGAA, CGA, CGL and positive control epalrestat in RAW264.7 macrophages. ( a , b ) Determination of NO production: ( a ) Full concentration–response profiles at 10–100 μM. ( b ) Single-dose comparison at 100 μM. ( c , d ) Quantification of IL-6 secretion: ( c ) Full concentration–response profiles at 10–100 μM. ( d ) Single-dose comparison at 100 μM. ( e , f ) Quantification of TNF-α secretion: ( e ) Full concentration–response profiles at 10–100 μM. ( f ) Single-dose comparison at 100 μM. Cells were pretreated with the indicated compounds (10–100 μM) for 2 h, followed by LPS (1 μg/mL) stimulation for 24 h. NO levels were determined via the Griess assay, while IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations were quantified by ELISA. All data are expressed as mean ± SD ( n = 3). #### p < 0.0001 vs. the control group; **** p < 0.0001, *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05 vs. the LPS group.

Article Snippet: The levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in culture supernatants were quantified using commercial ELISA kits (Mouse TNF-alpha Fast Pro ELISA Kit, Cat. No. RK05228; Mouse IL-6 Fast Pro ELISA Kit, Cat. No. RK05213; ABclonal, Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Positive Control, Concentration Assay, Comparison, Griess Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Control

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Carboxyl Amidation of Chlorogenic Acid Improves Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Biosafety via Potent AKR1B1 Inhibition in LPS-Induced Macrophages

doi: 10.3390/molecules31183247

Figure Lengend Snippet: Temperature-gradient CETSA analysis of AKR1B1. Cell lysates pretreated with CGA, CGL, or CGAA were heated at 4, 45, 60, 75, or 90 °C. Residual soluble AKR1B1 protein was quantified by ELISA and normalized to the corresponding 4 °C sample. Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3). **** p < 0.0001 vs. the CGA group.

Article Snippet: The levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in culture supernatants were quantified using commercial ELISA kits (Mouse TNF-alpha Fast Pro ELISA Kit, Cat. No. RK05228; Mouse IL-6 Fast Pro ELISA Kit, Cat. No. RK05213; ABclonal, Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Analysis, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Smilax glabra flavonoids ameliorate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by regulating PKM2-dependent glycolysis and suppressing AIM2 inflammasome activation

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1906439

Figure Lengend Snippet: SGF inhibits hepatic glycolysis and AIM2 inflammasome activation in HFD-fed mice. (A, B) Protein expression of HK2, PKM2 and LDHA in the liver. (C, D) Lactate and pyruvate expression in the liver. (E, F) Protein expression of AIM2, ASC, Caspase-1 and IL-1β in the liver. (G, H) ELISA measurement of serum IL-1β and TNF-α levels. (I) mRNA expression levels of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, and TNF-α. (J) AIM2 inflammasome fluorescence colocalization images. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3-6). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 vs. control; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001, #### p < 0.0001 vs. model.

Article Snippet: Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were determined using ELISA kits (ABclonal Biotech Co., Ltd, China).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Fluorescence, Control